Interactions Between Individuals

Interaction between human and animal. 

Coevolution: A process in which one species evolves in response to the evolution of another a species

Herbivory: The interaction between herbivorous animals and the plants that they eat

Mutualism: An interaction in which both partners benefit

Parasitism: An interaction in which one species benefits and the other is harmed

Commensalism: An interaction in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Mimicry: A form of defence in which one species evolves an appearance that resembles the appearance of another species`

COMPETITION:

• competition between species
• competing indv. may experience increased mortality and decreased reproduction
• two main types of interspecific competition:

Interference Competition: competition in which all the individuals have equal access to resources; the fitness of some individuals is reduced by the presence of others

Example: lions chase smaller predetators such as hyenas, jackals, and vultures from their kills

Exploitative Competition: competition in which all the individuals have equal access to resources; some have superior ability to gather resources

Example: many bird and ant species eat mainly seeds, and each seed-eating species may deplate the food supply that is available to others without necessarily encountering the others

Disturbing Ecosystems Relationships

• any direct interaction between two species affects not only them but others as well
• most significant ecosystem disruptions often result from the introduction of a non-native invasive species or the loss of a species
• habitat destruction for industrialization
• cause species to become extinct